Construct a screen

We've concentrated on building UIs from the bottom up, starting small and adding complexity. Doing so has allowed us to develop each component in isolation, figure out its data needs, and play with it in Storybook. All without needing to stand up a server or build out screens!

In this chapter, we continue to increase the sophistication by combining components in a screen and developing that screen in Storybook.

Connected screens

As our app is straightforward, the screen we'll build is pretty trivial, simply fetching data from a remote API, wrapping the TaskList component (which supplies its own data from Redux), and pulling a top-level error field out of Redux.

We'll start by updating our Redux store (in src/lib/store.js) to connect to a remote API and handle the various states for our application (i.e., error, succeeded):

/* A simple redux store/actions/reducer implementation.
 * A true app would be more complex and separated into different files.
 */
import {
  configureStore,
  createSlice,
+ createAsyncThunk,
} from '@reduxjs/toolkit';

/*
 * The initial state of our store when the app loads.
 * Usually, you would fetch this from a server. Let's not worry about that now
 */

const TaskBoxData = {
  tasks: [],
  status: "idle",
  error: null,
};

/*
 * Creates an asyncThunk to fetch tasks from a remote endpoint.
 * You can read more about Redux Toolkit's thunks in the docs:
 * https://redux-toolkit.js.org/api/createAsyncThunk
 */
+ export const fetchTasks = createAsyncThunk('todos/fetchTodos', async () => {
+   const response = await fetch(
+     'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos?userId=1'
+   );
+   const data = await response.json();
+   const result = data.map((task) => ({
+     id: `${task.id}`,
+     title: task.title,
+     state: task.completed ? 'TASK_ARCHIVED' : 'TASK_INBOX',
+   }));
+   return result;
+ });

/*
 * The store is created here.
 * You can read more about Redux Toolkit's slices in the docs:
 * https://redux-toolkit.js.org/api/createSlice
 */
const TasksSlice = createSlice({
  name: 'taskbox',
  initialState: TaskBoxData,
  reducers: {
    updateTaskState: (state, action) => {
      const { id, newTaskState } = action.payload;
      const task = state.tasks.findIndex((task) => task.id === id);
      if (task >= 0) {
        state.tasks[task].state = newTaskState;
      }
    },
  },
  /*
   * Extends the reducer for the async actions
   * You can read more about it at https://redux-toolkit.js.org/api/createAsyncThunk
   */
+  extraReducers(builder) {
+    builder
+    .addCase(fetchTasks.pending, (state) => {
+      state.status = 'loading';
+      state.error = null;
+      state.tasks = [];
+    })
+    .addCase(fetchTasks.fulfilled, (state, action) => {
+      state.status = 'succeeded';
+      state.error = null;
+      // Add any fetched tasks to the array
+      state.tasks = action.payload;
+     })
+    .addCase(fetchTasks.rejected, (state) => {
+      state.status = 'failed';
+      state.error = "Something went wrong";
+      state.tasks = [];
+    });
+ },
});

// The actions contained in the slice are exported for usage in our components
export const { updateTaskState } = TasksSlice.actions;

/*
 * Our app's store configuration goes here.
 * Read more about Redux's configureStore in the docs:
 * https://redux-toolkit.js.org/api/configureStore
 */
const store = configureStore({
  reducer: {
    taskbox: TasksSlice.reducer,
  },
});

export default store;

Now that we've updated our store to retrieve the data from a remote API endpoint and prepared it to handle the various states of our app, let's create our InboxScreen.js in the src/components directory:

import React, { useEffect } from 'react';
import { useDispatch, useSelector } from 'react-redux';
import { fetchTasks } from '../lib/store';
import TaskList from './TaskList';

export default function InboxScreen() {
  const dispatch = useDispatch();
  // We're retrieving the error field from our updated store
  const { error } = useSelector((state) => state.taskbox);
  // The useEffect triggers the data fetching when the component is mounted
  useEffect(() => {
    dispatch(fetchTasks());
  }, []);

  if (error) {
    return (
      <div className="page lists-show">
        <div className="wrapper-message">
          <span className="icon-face-sad" />
          <p className="title-message">Oh no!</p>
          <p className="subtitle-message">Something went wrong</p>
        </div>
      </div>
    );
  }
  return (
    <div className="page lists-show">
      <nav>
        <h1 className="title-page">Taskbox</h1>
      </nav>
      <TaskList />
    </div>
  );
}

We also need to change our App component to render the InboxScreen (eventually, we would use a router to choose the correct screen, but let's not worry about that here):

- import logo from './logo.svg';
- import './App.css';
+ import './index.css';
+ import store from './lib/store';

+ import { Provider } from 'react-redux';
+ import InboxScreen from './components/InboxScreen';

function App() {
  return (
-   <div className="App">
-     <header className="App-header">
-       <img src={logo} className="App-logo" alt="logo" />
-       <p>
-         Edit <code>src/App.js</code> and save to reload.
-       </p>
-       <a
-         className="App-link"
-         href="https://reactjs.org"
-         target="_blank"
-         rel="noopener noreferrer"
-       >
-         Learn React
-       </a>
-     </header>
-   </div>
+   <Provider store={store}>
+     <InboxScreen />
+   </Provider>
  );
}
export default App;

However, where things get interesting is in rendering the story in Storybook.

As we saw previously, the TaskList component is now a connected component and relies on a Redux store to render the tasks. As our InboxScreen is also a connected component, we'll do something similar and provide a store to the story. So when we set our stories in InboxScreen.stories.js:

import React from 'react';

import InboxScreen from './InboxScreen';
import store from '../lib/store';

import { Provider } from 'react-redux';

export default {
  component: InboxScreen,
  title: 'InboxScreen',
  decorators: [(story) => <Provider store={store}>{story()}</Provider>],
};

const Template = () => <InboxScreen />;

export const Default = Template.bind({});
export const Error = Template.bind({});

We can quickly spot an issue with the error story. Instead of displaying the right state, it shows a list of tasks. One way to sidestep this issue would be to provide a mocked version for each state, similar to what we did in the last chapter. Instead, we'll use a well-known API mocking library alongside a Storybook addon to help us solve this issue.

Mocking API Services

As our application is pretty straightforward and doesn't depend too much on remote API calls, we're going to use Mock Service Worker and Storybook's MSW addon. Mock Service Worker is an API mocking library. It relies on service workers to capture network requests and provides mocked data in responses.

When we set up our app in the Get started section both packages were also installed. All that remains is to configure them and update our stories to use them.

In your terminal, run the following command to generate a generic service worker inside your public folder:

yarn init-msw

Then, we'll need to update our .storybook/preview.js and initialize them:

import '../src/index.css';

+ // Registers the msw addon
+ import { initialize, mswDecorator } from 'msw-storybook-addon';

+ // Initialize MSW
+ initialize();

+ // Provide the MSW addon decorator globally
+ export const decorators = [mswDecorator];

//👇 Configures Storybook to log the actions( onArchiveTask and onPinTask ) in the UI.
export const parameters = {
  actions: { argTypesRegex: '^on[A-Z].*' },
  controls: {
    matchers: {
      color: /(background|color)$/i,
      date: /Date$/,
    },
  },
};

Finally, update the InboxScreen stories and include a parameter that mocks the remote API calls:

import React from 'react';

import InboxScreen from './InboxScreen';
import store from '../lib/store';
+ import { rest } from 'msw';
+ import { MockedState } from './TaskList.stories';
import { Provider } from 'react-redux';

export default {
  component: InboxScreen,
  title: 'InboxScreen',
  decorators: [(story) => <Provider store={store}>{story()}</Provider>],
};

const Template = () => <InboxScreen />;

export const Default = Template.bind({});
+ Default.parameters = {
+   msw: {
+     handlers: [
+       rest.get(
+         'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos?userId=1',
+         (req, res, ctx) => {
+           return res(ctx.json(MockedState.tasks));
+         }
+       ),
+     ],
+   },
+ };

export const Error = Template.bind({});
+ Error.parameters = {
+   msw: {
+     handlers: [
+       rest.get(
+         'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos?userId=1',
+         (req, res, ctx) => {
+           return res(ctx.status(403));
+         }
+       ),
+     ],
+   },
+ };

Check your Storybook, and you'll see that the error story is now working as intended. MSW intercepted our remote API call and provided the appropriate response.

Interaction tests

So far, we've been able to build a fully functional application from the ground up, starting from a simple component up to a screen and continuously testing each change using our stories. But each new story also requires a manual check on all the other stories to ensure the UI doesn't break. That's a lot of extra work.

Can't we automate this workflow and test our component interactions automatically?

Write an interaction test using the play function

Storybook's play and @storybook/addon-interactions help us with that. A play function includes small snippets of code that run after the story renders.

The play function helps us verify what happens to the UI when tasks are updated. It uses framework-agnostic DOM APIs, which means we can write stories with the play function to interact with the UI and simulate human behavior no matter the frontend framework.

The @storybook/addon-interactions helps us visualize our tests in Storybook, providing a step-by-step flow. It also offers a handy set of UI controls to pause, resume, rewind, and step through each interaction.

Let's see it in action! Update your newly created InboxScreen story, and set up component interactions by adding the following:

import React from 'react';

import InboxScreen from './InboxScreen';

import store from '../lib/store';
import { rest } from 'msw';
import { MockedState } from './TaskList.stories';
import { Provider } from 'react-redux';

+ import {
+  fireEvent,
+  within,
+  waitFor,
+  waitForElementToBeRemoved
+ } from '@storybook/testing-library';

export default {
  component: InboxScreen,
  title: 'InboxScreen',
  decorators: [(story) => <Provider store={store}>{story()}</Provider>],
};

const Template = () => <InboxScreen />;

export const Default = Template.bind({});
Default.parameters = {
  msw: {
    handlers: [
      rest.get(
        'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos?userId=1',
        (req, res, ctx) => {
          return res(ctx.json(MockedState.tasks));
        }
      ),
    ],
  },
};

+ Default.play = async ({ canvasElement }) => {
+   const canvas = within(canvasElement);
+   // Waits for the component to transition from the loading state
+   await waitForElementToBeRemoved(await canvas.findByTestId('loading'));
+   // Waits for the component to be updated based on the store
+   await waitFor(async () => {
+     // Simulates pinning the first task
+     await fireEvent.click(canvas.getByLabelText('pinTask-1'));
+     // Simulates pinning the third task
+     await fireEvent.click(canvas.getByLabelText('pinTask-3'));
+   });
+ };

export const Error = Template.bind({});
Error.parameters = {
  msw: {
    handlers: [
      rest.get(
        'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos?userId=1',
        (req, res, ctx) => {
          return res(ctx.status(403));
        }
       ),
    ],
  },
};

Check the Default story. Click the Interactions panel to see the list of interactions inside the story's play function.

Automate tests with the test runner

With Storybook's play function, we were able to sidestep our problem, allowing us to interact with our UI and quickly check how it responds if we update our tasks—keeping the UI consistent at no extra manual effort.

But, if we take a closer look at our Storybook, we can see that it only runs the interaction tests when viewing the story. Therefore, we'd still have to go through each story to run all checks if we make a change. Couldn't we automate it?

The good news is that we can! Storybook's test runner allows us to do just that. It's a standalone utility—powered by Playwright—that runs all our interactions tests and catches broken stories.

Let's see how it works! Run the following command to install it:

yarn add --dev @storybook/test-runner

Next, update your package.json scripts and add a new test task:

{
  "scripts": {
    "test-storybook": "test-storybook"
  }
}

Finally, with your Storybook running, open up a new terminal window and run the following command:

yarn test-storybook --watch

Success! Now we have a tool that helps us verify whether all our stories are rendered without errors and all assertions pass automatically. What's more, if a test fails, it will provide us with a link that opens up the failing story in the browser.

Component-Driven Development

We started from the bottom with Task, then progressed to TaskList, and now we’re here with a whole screen UI. Our InboxScreen accommodates connected components and includes accompanying stories.

Component-Driven Development allows you to gradually expand complexity as you move up the component hierarchy. Among the benefits are a more focused development process and increased coverage of all possible UI permutations. In short, CDD helps you build higher-quality and more complex user interfaces.

We’re not done yet - the job doesn't end when the UI is built. We also need to ensure that it remains durable over time.